Courtesy of :
Prof. Liew Ah Choy, MIES
Dept of Electrical Engineering
National University of Singapore
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the effects and consequences of adopting separate and common lightning and system earths. Recommendations of the various codes of practice on the subject are highlighted, The advantages of bonding lightning and system earths to form a common earth far outweigh the present requirement of the Singapore Code on Lightning Protection of separate earths. It is recommended that such bonding be permitted to improve overall performance.
INTRODUCTION
The question which is always asked is should lightning earths and system earths be separate or common. Invariably, different answers and opinions are given to the same question arguing both for and against either of the cases. Every electrical engineer needs a good earth for the correct and efficient operation of his system; the lightning protection engineer to carry the stroke current safely to earth, the power utility engineer to carry fault current and ensure that unsafe voltages do not occur, and the telecommunications and computer engineer as a reference potential and to carry unwanted components of signals, such as noise away.
Should these earths be the same? If so, they interfere with each other’s performance? Which party will then be responsible for the continued integrity of the earth? If not, can the earths be really isolated and independent for one another? Will there be potential difference problems between these separate earths?
Can all the earth resistance be kept low reasonably economically? There now seems to be more questions than answers to the problem.
WHAT DO THE RELEVANT CODES SAY?
The Singapore Code of Practice for Lightning Protection CP33: 1985[1] emphatically and unequivocally states in Clause 2.8.3 that “ Common earthing for lightning protection and electrical services shall not be permitted”
However, over the time CP33: 1996 revised under Clause 3.12.3 “Common Earthing Electrode And Potential Equalization”
The British Standard Code of Practice for Protection of Structures Against Lightning BS 6651: 1985[2] and later 1999 on the other hand recommends a common earth termination network for the lightning protection system and all other services (clauses16.3).
Later the British Standard Code for Protection Against Lightning A UK guide to the practical application BS EN 62305:2006[6] superseded BS 6651:1999. The resistance to earth to earth should in this case be the lowest value required for any of the individual services. However, it does also state that in the case of structures supporting an overhead electric supply, telephone and other lines should not be bonded to the lightning protection system without the permission of the appropriate authority.
The relevant clause (Clause 3.11.3) of the Australian Standard on Lightning Protection AS 1768: 1983[3] on common earthing states, “Where conditions permit potential equalization techniques to be used, a common earthing electrode may be installed for the lightning protection systems for other services. It should be in accordance with the recommendations in this standard and comply with any regulations, which may govern the appropriate services. The resistance to earth should be the lowest required by any of the regulations for such services. As a foot note it further qualifies that “AS 3000 [4] does not permit the commoning of the power system earth wit the lightning system earth. However, bonding is permitted.”
The United State National Fire Protection Association Inc. Lightning Protection Code NFPA 78: 1980[5] recommends a truly common earth and clause 3.22 on common grounds state that “All grounding mediums shall be bonded together. This shall include electric, telephone and antenna system grounds and other underground metallic piping systems which enter the structure”. It proceeds to include piping systems such as water services well casing within 7.8m (25ft) of the protected structure, gas piping systems, etc. On common ground bondings, it also states that if electric service and telephone service are grounded through the water pipe system, interconnection with the water pipe is all that is required, provided the water pipe system is electrically continuous between all systems. If plastic water pipe sections present, they can be bridged with main size conductors. However, the Code qualifies that lightning arrestors, protectors or antenna discharge units shall be installed on the electric and telephone service entrances and on radio and television antenna lead in.
It is clear that there is no consensus among the major codes on the subject of separate or common earths. However, one point is clear. None of the codes support a simple or indiscriminate or unqualified tying together of lightning and system earths.
Effects of Separate and Common Lightning and System Earth
If the major of problems can be eliminated with a common earth, then why should there be any hesitation to bond, connect or to have a truly common earth termination with the lightning protection system and power system? The effects of separate and common lightning and system earths can be illustrated as follows.
Consider a block of flats 15m high with dimensions 40m x 20m protected by lightning protection system with 6 down-conductors of size 25mm x 3mm as shown in Fig.1. The overall earthing resistance of the 6 earths points is 10 Ohms.
This example is given in BS 6651: 1985[2], for the estimation of clearances to prevent side flashing. The voltage differences between a 12m high earthed pipe and a corner lightning down conductor for a 200kA lightning stroke with maximum (di/dt) of 200kA/us is calculated for 2 cases:
Case (i): Metal pipe bonded to earth termination at base.
For this case, the voltage (V1) between the lightning protection system corner down conductor and the earthed down pipe at the height of 12m consists of the inductive component VL only. This is calculated at V1 = VL = 570kV which gives a flash over distance [2] of 1.1m
Case (ii): Metal pipe contacting with ground but no bond between the pipe and earth termination.
For this case, the voltage (V1) now comprises both the inductive (VL = 570kV) and resistive (VR = 2MV) components. For the same 200kA stroke V1 is calculated at 2.57MV giving a flash over distance of 6m.
This example illustrates the voltage differences that can develop between the lightning protection system and a nearby metallic object, which may be a pipe or the frame of a piece of electrical equipment, which is connected to the system earth.
The above example also illustrates that following the 200kA stroke to the lightning protection system, the voltage rise of the lightning earth above remote earth 2MV.
The effects and consequences of having separate or common lightning and system earths can now be illustrated as follows.
(a) Separate lightning and system earths
Following a direct lightning stroke to the lightning protection system, the events which are likely to occur, are the voltage of the lightning protection system and earth rises to a high value.
Fig.2 shows electricity supply to a load within premises, which is protected by a lightning protection system. The supply is obtained from a remote substation and present practice of utilities is to earth the neutral of the supply transformer at the substation. The neutral is not earthed at the customers’ premises but a local system earth is provided.
The illustrative example shows values as high as 2.5MV. With the lightning and system earths separate, this full voltage will appear across the lightning protection system and nearby objects earthed to the system earth. This is likely to result in a side flash-over as indicated by (1) when this occurs, the voltage of the system earth will be the same as that of the lightning earth (2MV in example) and may in turn cause a flash-over (3) to the neutral of the supply causing surge to travel along it back to the supply transformer where it is earthed.
Even in the case of no flash-over from the lightning protection system to equipment or system earth, the system earth voltage will rise due to the close proximity of lightning and system earth (2), but perhaps to a smaller value as compared to the cases where there was a flash-over (1) or when lightning and system earths are common. This can still cause a flash-over to the neutral or line conductors of the supply system through its probability of such flash-over is somewhat reduced due to the smaller voltage rise. The extent of voltage reduction and hence flashover probability is dependent on the proximity of the earths. It is generally this slight advantage the fear of flash-overs occurring to the supply system that encourage utility owners to opt for separate earths. However, it is seen that, the probability of flashovers to line and neutral is not eliminated by separate earths
(b) Common lightning and system earths.
With common earth system as illustrated in Fig.3 a lightning stroke to the lightning protection system will now cause both the lightning and system earths to rise simultaneously but the voltage difference between locally earthed metal objects and the lightning protection system will generally be small (570kV in example). This virtually eliminates side flash-over between lightning protection system and nearby equipment earths, but the likelihood of flash-over from system earth to the line and neutral conductors of the supply system increases slightly as compared to the un-bonded or separate earths case.
As stated previously, it is this slight increase in flash-over probability to the supply system which utility owners fear. This has to be weighed against the advantage that a much lower overall earth resistance can be achieved with a common earth so that the voltage rise will be smaller in practice, this may offset the theoretical increase in flashover probability. The other major advantage is, of course that with the common earth system there is very little likelihood of side flashes to earthed objects / appliances with the premises.
BEST COURSE OF ACTION
Technically, it is seen that the advantages of a common earth far outweigh that of separate earths. This is not limited only to lightning and system earths but to telecommunications earths as well, as recommended by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT in French) [7]. In practice, however, one problem can arise, i.e. who shall be responsible for the continued integrity of the common earth, the lightning protection engineer, power utility or telecommunications authority? If problems arise, say, due to lightning, can the power utility whom first installed the earth termination for its system earth to which the lightning protection system was subsequently connected to it be liable?
The first question can be indirectly answered as the earth resistance must be the lowest value required for any of the individual services.
The second question will not arise if this lowest value of resistance is achieved in any case, the premises belong to the owner or customer who must be responsible for its upkeep. Notwithstanding the previous statement, the power utility would prefer to be free of the extra burden of any possibility of liability and any additional problems.
Remembering that if lightning earths were installed and system earths were present, the action of bonding these two earths would achieve the best of both worlds’ with a reduction in overall resistance and the effect of a common earth. Clearly this would be the best course of action and both the lightning protection and utility engineers must still provide and maintain their individual earths. The act of bonding lightning and system earths should not be disallowed as in the Singapore Code CP33: 1985[1] but, on the contrary, be encouraged instead. Any fears of additional lightning caused surges being propagated towards the utility transformer can be overcome by the provision of a set of lightning arrestors between each phase and neutral to earth at the transformer terminals. Such is good practice anyway. This recommendation is basically what cited in NFPA 78:1980[5].
CONCLUSION
The advantages of bonding lightning and system earths to form a common earth far outweigh the present requirement of separate earths, which can hardly be achieved in practice. It is recommended that this restriction be removed from the present Singapore Code of Practice CP 33:1985 on Lightning Protection.Additional note :1996 the Singapore Code of Practice CP33 been revised under the Clause 3.12.3 “Common Earthing Electrode And Potential Equalization”
REFERENCES
- CP33: 1985, “Code of Practice for Lightning Protection”, Singapore Standard, Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, 1985
- Revision CP33: 1996. “Code of Practice for Lightning Protection”, Singapore Standard, Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, 1996
- BS 6651: 1985, “British Standard Code of Practice for Protection od Structures Against Lightning”. British Standards Institution, 1985.
- AS 1768: 1983, “Lightning Protection”, Standards Association of Australia, 1983
- AS 3000. “SAA Wiring Rules”, Standards Association of Australia.
- NFPA 78: 1980, “Lightning Protection Code”, National Fire Protection Association, Inc. USA, 1980
- IEEE Std 80:1976. “IEEE Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding”, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. USA 1976
- CITT Manual on “Earthing of Telecommunications Installations”, International Telegraphic and Telephone Consultative Committee. 1978.
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